facial reconstruction
landmarks on the skull 		back

Most of the landmarks are fairly obvious. Where formal descriptions of the landmarks are available, I have given them in the table at the bottom. Numbers used are consistent on all pages and correlates with most articles. All landmarks used are also defined again in a central location.

Lateral view

Left Lateral View

Anterior view

Anterior View
1. Supraglabella  
2. Glabella The most prominent point between the supraorbital ridges in the midsagittal plane.
3. Nasion The midpoint of the suture between the frontal and the two nasal bones.
4. Nasale (End of nasals) The anterior tip of the nasal bones at their junction with the lateral nasal cartilages.
5. Subspinale (Mid-philtrum) Often also refered to as Point A in the literature. The deepest midline point on the indentation between the anterior nasal spine and the supradentale
6. Supradentale (Upper lip margin) Also the alveolare or prosthion. The apex of the alveolus in the midline between the maxillary central incisors.
7. Infradentale (Lower lip margin) The apex of the alveolus in the midline between the mandibular central incisors
8. Supramentale (Chin-lip fold) Often also refered to as Point B in the literature. The deepest midline point on the indentation between the infradentale and the pogonion
9. Pogonion (Mental eminence) The most anterior point in the midline on the mental protuberance.
10. (Beneath chin) The lowest point on the mandible (also considered the most causal point in the outline of the mental symphysis in X-rays).
11. Frontal eminence  
12. Supraorbital  
13. Orbitale (Suborbital) The most inferior point on the margin of the orbit.
14. Inferior malar  
15. Lateral orbit  
16. Zygomatic arch  
17. Supraglenoid  
18. Occlusal line This is a point on the anterior border of the ramus of the mandible, in line with the occlusal plane of the teeth.
19. Gonion The intersection of the lines tangent to the posterior margin of the ascending ramus and the mandibular base, or the most lateral point on the mandibular angle.
20. Sub-M2 A point in the midline on the edge of the alveolus of the second mandibular molar.
21. Supra-M2 A point in the midline on the edge of the alveolus of the second maxillary molar.
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